Core Crown spending on economic and industrial services in New Zealand

Total Crown: Includes the core Crown (defined below) plus Crown entities and SOEs as defined by the Government Reporting Entity.

Core Crown: A reporting segment consisting of the Crown, departments, Offices of Parliament, the NZS Fund and the Reserve Bank.

Core Crown expenses: The day-to-day spending (eg, public servants' salaries, welfare benefit payments, finance costs and maintaining national defence etc) that does not build physical assets for the Crown. This is an accrual measure of expenses and includes items such as depreciation on physical assets.
From 1994 onwards, expenses are recorded for the core Crown and total Crown on an accrual basis. Expenses include items such as depreciation on physical assets, but does not include capital spending.

Core Crown expenses are recorded by functional classification based on the United Nations “Classification of the Functions of Government” (COFOG) standard. Some series are further aggregated, specifically:
• “Social Security and Welfare”, and Government Superannuation Fund”;
• “Heritage, culture and recreation”, “Primary services”, “Housing and community development” and "Other".

Accruals basis of accounting: An accounting basis where revenue is recognised when earned and expenses when the obligations they relate to are incurred.

IFRS = International Financial Reporting Standards.
PBE = Public Benefit Entity Standards.

OBEGAL - Operating Balance Excluding Gains And Losses: a key fiscal measure used by the New Zealand government to represent total Crown revenue minus total Crown expenses, excluding volatile, non-cash items like valuation changes. It serves as a measure of underlying financial stewardship.
OBEGALx: OBEGAL excluding ACC revenue and expenses.

COFOG - Classification of the Functions of Government: A classification defined by the United Nations Statistics Division. Its purpose is to "classify the purpose of transactions such as outlays on final consumption expenditure, intermediate consumption, gross capital formation and capital and current transfers, by general government".
GAAP - Generally Accepted Accounting Practice: The standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction; generally known as accounting standards or standard accounting practice. These include the standards, conventions, and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements.
IFRS - International Financial Reporting Standards: The rules to be followed by accountants internationally to maintain books of accounts which are comparable, understandable, reliable and relevant as per the users internal or external.
PBE - Public Benefit Entity: A reporting entity whose primary objective is to provide goods or services for community or social benefit, and where any equity has been provided with a view to supporting that primary objective rather than for a financial return to equity holders.

FISCAL DATA
Data from 1997-2004 for accrual measures (expenses, revenue, OBEGAL, Operating Balance and debt series) are based on values published in the Financial Statements of Government but have been backdated to be consistent with International Financial Reporting Standards. The values, therefore, differ from those in the published accounts. Cash measures (cash receipts and residual cash) are consistent with those in the published accounts.

Data from 2005 onwards for accrual measures (expenses, revenue, OBEGAL, operating balance and debt series) are based on values published in the Financial Statements of Government but have been backdated to be consistent with Public Sector PBE Standards. PBE Standards were adopted in 2015, therefore for 2005-2014 the values differ from those in the published accounts. Cash measures (cash receipts and residual cash) are consistent with those in the published accounts.

POPULATION
The estimated resident population is based on the Infoshare series (table reference DPE056AG) available from Stats NZ.

Values are nominal.

Two new PBE accounting standards were adopted at 30 June 2020 and the results as at 30 June 2019 have been restated to reflect this change. Further information can be found in note 28 of the 2019/20 Financial Statements of Government.

Under 'Formats and related files', select 'Fiscal Time Series Historical Fiscal Indicators 1972-2025'.
Please note this spreadsheet has been edited by Figure.NZ. % of GDP measures have been replaced with per capita measures. The estimated resident population is based on the Infoshare series (table reference DPE056AG) available from Stats NZ (https://infoshare.stats.govt.nz/).